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◈ 윤치호일기 (1894년) ◈
◇ 8월 ◇
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1. 8월 2일

2
2nd. (七月初二) Thursday.
 
3
This morning's 'News' has the telegram that yesterday(Aug. 1st, '94, 甲午七月初一) Japan officially declared war against China. The Japanese soldiers sent to Ashan are reported to have been totally defeated on the 27th or 28th July(六月廿五, 廿六) Capt. Hennecken, for killing whom, it has been said Kwoshing was sunk, had been rescued by a fishing junk. Everything seems to go against Japan.
 
 

2. 8월 3일

5
3rd. (三) Thursday. Frequent showers all the a.m.
 
6
China declared war against Japan yesterday.
7
This morning's News has a communication to the effect that before July 26th, the Japanese in Seoul had deposed the King and declared Tai Won Kun 大院君 the King of Corea.
8
Japan seems to be determined to cure or kill. The report may be false: I can hardly believe it. If true, however, the next news might be the forcible and formal annexation of Corea to Japan. If Japan gets whipped, she will have many things to answer for.
9
The measures of reformation Japan has presented to the Corean government are exactly what I have so long wished to see carried out.
10
The cook of our neighbor has often sent me through the 'Nyangyi' savory dishes to eat. I have always returned them. Why? Simply because whatever he sends me is stolen from his master's table. My refusal, therefore, is right. But should Taotai or some great man of China invite me to a sumptuous dinner, would I not gladly go? Of course I would. Yet the delicacies on a Chinese mandrine's table may have been, as in most cases, obtained by the worst form of robbery―official squeezing. So in our inconsistency we often swallow a camel but strain at a gnat.
11
It is one of the blessed features of inconsistency that our dislike of or hatred against a nation or a class of men does not in the least hinder us from loving most cordially an individual or individuals of the nation or the class. A Southerner may hate the Negro race with all his heart. Yet he often loves some individual representatives of that race with as much affection as if they were of his own flesh and blood. But for this inconsistency I might never have a friend among the Chinese. Yet there are numbers of Chinamen, whom I love as much as anybody.
12
The natives of Shanghai are so angry with Japanese that it is not safe now for a Japanese to go after dark singly.
 
 

3. 8월 4일

14
4th. (四) Saturday. A breezy and partly showery day.
 
15
Wandering thoughts:
16
1. I admire the character of St. Paul more and more. In his life time Judia went through all the national agonies of vassalage and dissolution. It must have been an exciting time for a high―spirited Jew. Yet Paul stuck to what he saw to be the true mission for which he was elected. O for his steadiness, foresight and devotion to Christ―whose Kingdom alone is free, strong and imperishable.
17
2. I saw in the Japanese papers that the King of Corea had not been deposed. Tai Won Kun had been appointed the prime―minister or regent(攝政) . By the way the Daily News publish more false reports against Japan than a paper of that standard ought to.
18
3. The men who are reported to have been appointed by the Corean Majesty to consider the practicability of the measures of reform recommended by Japan are all of no account. What good can such fools as 金炳始, 沈舜澤 etc. do? What Corea just now needs is a strong man who will dictate what is best without consulting the old―fashioned fools who have nothing in their heads except the maxims of Confucius. O for an Napoleon!
19
4. The ignorance of some foreigners in China concerning the true state of progress in Japan is wonderful. (1) Sometime ago Mr. Loehr said that the reason why there were so many Japanese in Shanghai in '84 learning English in the A.C.C. etc. was that they didn't have any good schools in Japan then(!!!) . (2) Dr. Allen, who has a strong prejudice against Japan for some reason or other told me a few weeks ago with his usual confidence that Japan was not ready for allowing freedom of speech. Why, the fact of business is that Japanese have too much freedom in the line. (3) Miss Geary told me tonight that Japan ought to carry out all the measures of reformation she has recommended to Corea first by herself before she should urge them on others. The truth is that there is not a single solitary thing in the recommended measures that has not been carried out to the letter by Japan. The assertion of independence in all things by the Japanese has offened missionaries and other foreigners very much.
20
5. One thing is certain, however, that if Japan wins in the present war she will be too arrogant to be pleasant to foreigners residing in the Island. I have no other reason for wishing the victory of Japan than the humiliation of China and the benefit of Corea. The native papers of Shanghai are an abomination itself now, so full they are with bragging and lying. In them China never loses a battle. If she happens to do so, why the next time the Japanese soldiers are slaughtered by thousands upon thousands in return!
21
6. The arrogant and scheming Chinaman(袁世凱) returned to China weeks ago. Most Chinese have left Corea. I do not know how long this will last, yet―I congratulate Corea, at least for the time being, on this deliverance from the Chinese.
 
 

4. 8월 6일

23
6th. (六) Monday. A windy day.
 
24
1. Cholera is reported to be raging in Russia.
25
2. In the late earthquake in Turkey millions of dollars were destroyed. Two hundreds or more lives were lost in Constantiople alone.
26
3. In the U.S.A. a most extensive Railroad strike broke out lasting over weeks causing heavy losses to the Railroad and other capitalists. (In July) .
27
4. The Chinese troops in Ashan entirely routed.
28
The Queen and her idols 閔泳駿, 閔應植 are reported to have fled from the Capital.
29
Last term Professor Bonnell arranged it so that each Chapel service should have both Chinese and English in it. Of course, it was a cumbersome plan and Mr. L. has always ridiculed at it, his desire being to use Chinese altogether. Sometime since he told me to read in the chapel in Chinese regardless to the program made out by the Acting Principal! Mr. L. wants and demands the obedience of all who work under him, yet advises me to disobey the rule of my superior. I replied that where there was no obedience there could be no order.
 
 

5. 8월 7일

31
7th. (七) Tuesday. A beautiful day for summer.
 
32
The English papers of Shanghai have the affidavit of Captain Von Hennecken to the effect that the S.S. Kwoshing was sunk by a Japanese man-of-war; that the struggling mass of humanity in the water was fired at by a boatful of well-armed Japanese marines with deadly effect; that the Chinese soldiers, as they were drowning, fired at the Japanese and the Kwoshing men with the probable intention that none of their comrades should live. The cruelty of the Japanese is denounced in the plainest terms. England is called upon to punish the murderers.
33
The Daily News' Chemulpo correspondent informs the paper that the Japanese under Mr. Otori have coerced Tai won Kun at the point of bayonets to accept their dictates; that the Japanese Minister has been trying to force the King to cut off the topknot and wear a European uniform; that the Japanese soldiers have been helping themselves for the provisions etc. found in the Corean stores and shops etc. These news, being sent by a man who has sent several anti-Japanese lies―such as the deposition of the King etc.―have to be taken with much caution.
34
The Kwoshing affair may give a convenient pretex to England for declaring a war against Japan for the purposes of (1) purchasing the goodwill of China; of (2) humiliating Japan, who has lately offended foreigners in many acts of conceits; and of (3) reminding the Eastern nations of the prowess of Great Britain.
35
So far as the real interest of Japan is concerned defeat will do her infinitely more good than victory.
36
The applause called forth by her wonderful progress has spoiled her to an extent injurious to her best wellfare and offensive to her Western teachers. On the other hand what a horrible monster China will be in case she, by the help of England or some one else, beats Japan in this war! Took dinner at Miss E-Fong's (sister's) . She is one of the most intelligent and shrewd Chinese girls I have ever seen. Pretty and sweet also. Spent the whole a.m. in playing checkers with sister. She beat me all through.
37
Mr. Yanagiwara, the editor of the Shanghai Japanese Weekly told me this evening that the Queen of Corea had been deposed and the prominent members of her family banished from the Capital. If this be true, inspite of the wickedness of the Queen, there must have been a heartrending scene and story in connection with her degradation. Her creed had been all through the period of her power, "Happen what may, provided that we Three be safe!" The trio here meant the King, the Queen, and the Prince. This supreme selfishness had wrought its own ruin.
38
A reformation that may be forced on Corea thus against the will of the King, the prejudice of the people, the interest of the officials can not last. Let Japan withdraw; everything will fly back to the bad-old-time condition.
39
Japan has committed a serious blunder in forcing the King to carry out these violent measures. She would have done better, had she left everything to the government of Corea urging it to the desired reformation by gentle, though resolute pressure.
 
40
Japan's proposals to Corea:
 
41
Ⅰ. Reform in Central and Provincial governments and appointments of able officials.
42
1. To define clearly the duties of all officials. Palace officials not to be connected with national administrative affairs.
43
2. Diplomatic and commercial relations to be entrusted to a responsible minister.
44
3. Offices to be simplified.
45
4. The number of present provincial districts to be diminished.
46
5. Offices to be open to talents regardless of classes.
47
6. Appointment by payment of money to be abolished.
48
7. Superfluous officials to be dismissed.
49
8. All official salaries to be fixed at such sums as may enable to live honestly.
50
9. Bribery to be strictly prohibited by law.
51
10. Private trading by officials to be prohibited by law.
 
52
Ⅱ. Financial reorganization.
53
11. The national revenue and expenditure to be clearly defined by a fixed system.
54
12. The strict management of all public accounts.
55
13. The reorganization of the monetary system.
56
14. The agricultural products of the provincial divisions to be taxed at certain rate.
57
15. All taxes to be reformed by law and new sources of revenue opened.
58
16. Necessary reductions and increase in expenditure.
59
17. The improvement of the government roads, railroad and telegraphic systems throughout the country.
60
18. The Corean management of the custom houses.
 
61
Ⅲ. To reorganize law and law courts.
62
19. Reformation of old laws and introduction the new.
63
20. The law of judicial procedure to be reformed.
 
64
Ⅳ. The reorganization of the army and police.
65
21. The education of military officials.
66
22. The present army and navy to be reformed.
67
23. The establishment and discipline of police.
 
68
Ⅴ. The educational system to be fixed.
69
24. The reformation of the entire educational system.
70
25. The establishment of elementary schools; then middle schools and college to be built when required.
71
26. The ablest students to be educated.
 
72
The admiral of the Peyang 北洋 fleet is reported to have the imperial order not to risk any of his valuable ships. So if Japan wants to fight she will have to hunt after the dirty Chinese men-of-war.
 
 

6. 8월 15일

74
15th. (十五) Wednesday. The last four days oppressively hot.
 
75
Early this week a Japanese fleet attacked without success. Their object is said to have been to draw the Chinese men-of-war(better, women-of-war) into an engagement. But the latter dared not leave their hiding places. This cowardly action of the Chinese fleet is ridiculed on all hands.
76
Sometime ago a Chinese woman-of-war shot a torpedo boat at a Japanese vessel. No action. When the Japanese picked up the boat, there was no powder in the torpedo. Against this Chinese negligence and laziness the thoroughness and efficiency of the Japanese army and navy show themselves in the most favorable light. The mechanic perfection in the organization and mobilization of the Japanese forces, the admirable discipline that reigns on the Japanese war vessels are praised by friend and foe alike.
77
A Confucianist claims that his nature is originally good. A Christian holds that his nature is originally wicked. Conceit and self-righteousness ruins the character of the former. Humility and reliance on a higher power reform the latter. I would rather be born a beggar and die a King than be born a King and die a beggar.
78
It is the brag of Confucianists that their system is perfectly humanitarian. It is humanitarian over much. It isolates man from high spiritual aspirations. The biggest fellow in Confucianism does not stand higher than himself―if he were ten feet tall. But a Christian with God above him, however small he may be in himself is a man all-the-way-up.
79
I don't see how any reformation could be carried out in Corea without a disciplined and drilled force to make the new measures go. But none can organize a devoted army except the King. The trouble is therefore that Corea can not have an army of any worth in as much as the King is weak and vacillating. So the reformation is a hopeless task.
80
The Chinese and Japanese papers are behaving themselves very disgracefully. They feed the curiosity and excite the patriotic feelings of their countrymen by the shameless lies and more shameless bragging. In this respect the Chinese papers can not be surpassed.
 
 

7. 8월 18일

82
18th. (十八) Saturday.
 
83
Last evening's Mercury had it that the King of Corea had changed his title to the Emperor of that country. This is the latest joke out.
84
The Japanese seem to regard this war as a matter of their national life and death. Bankers, nobles, rich men, jinrikisha coolies, dancing girls vie with each other to contribute money to the War Fund. While their patriotism is commendable, the smallness and poverty of the country are manifest. China is such a big monster that she would scarcely wince even if the Japanese were to sack the Capital carrying away its treasures and to compel her to pay an indemnity of100,000,000 in gold.
85
Went to Woosong at 2 p.m. in a tug for change. Came back with a bad cold 7 p.m.
 
 

8. 8월 22일

87
22nd. (二十二) Wednesday.
 
88
Oh the heat of this day as well as of the past three days! Had a bad time of it on Sunday and Monday being confined to bed on account of a cold.
89
Yesterday, received two letters from M. Nagami strongly advising me to return to Corea. Mr. 朴 and his associates have been pardoned. My father along with others are reported to have been released from their exile. My name appears in the Japanese list of the pardoned.
90
Shall I go?
91
Yes. 1. Because the new government needs men. I may be of some service to it.
92
2. Because I shall be able to find out the whereabouts of my parents. In case the new order of things does not last, this may be the only opportunity to meet them.
93
3. Because I may be able to secure a permission from the government for teaching and preaching.
94
No. 1. Because the new government may be overturned in a day. If China gets the possession of Seoul or Russia compels the Japanese to withdraw, everything will go back to the old regime.
95
2. Because going back now without any definite work on hand may only make me to lose time and money.
96
3. Because in case I be driven out again by the overthrow of the new government, I shall have made many warm friends lukewarm and lukewarm enemies warm.
97
4. Because by the end of the year there will be a conclusion of the drama one way or another. If the new things be firmely seated in authority, it would not be too late for me to go back then. In the meantime I can improve my knowledge in Chinese.
98
5. Because I can not tell Dr. Allen and Mr. L. now pointblank that I want to go back to Corea just a week or two in sight of the reopening of the school. There is an implied understanding between us that I shall not leave the school without positive reasons for doing so. To the China mission as represented by Dr. Allen I owe the better part of my education. It would be a signal ingratitude if I were to use the A.C.C. and Dr. Allen etc. as a sort an umbrella to be used only for rainy days.
 
99
At any rate I shall wait and see. If I be called by my father or the properly constituted authority, I may then have to go. Darling Baby understands me perfectly and is willing to let me do as I see best in the matter.
100
Wrote to Mrs. Hoss and Bro. Nagami.
 
 

9. 8월 24일

102
24th. (二十四) Friday. A roasting day-the hottest of the unusually hot days we have had-Thermometer 102°.
 
103
Darling Baby and I have decided to suspend our housekeeping for some time. She is to stay with her mother in Soochow and I am to resume my bachelor life in the A.C.C. until the winter vacation. The reasons for the plan:
104
1. That I may be free from any drawbacks in case I be called back to Corea.
105
2. That Baby may be with her mother and near by a doctor and hospital before and at the time of the expected birth.
106
3. That expenses may be reduced.
 
107
With Baby took tiffin at Mr. and Mrs. Richard's. Both are fine people, having sweet children. Removed my books to the library or rather the bookroom.
108
What Corea is now in the most urgent need are an efficient army, a patriotic paper, a thorough system of education.
109
The Chinese soldiers in the North China are behaving very badly. They sometime ago insulted and beat and robbed several Japanese women―among whom was the wife of the Japanese consul. Lately they insulted the U.S. consul in Tenshin. Todays' paper had the harrowing account of the murder of Rev. Wylie by a gang of the Chinese soldiers up in Manchuria. The defenseless foreigners and the common people up the North are in great fear of the soldiers of China. Many think that in case China gets beaten, the whole empire will suffer from the lawlessness and savagery of the routed soldiers. Shame on China! Shame on the pigtail tartar who is called the Son of Heaven (rather of ○○○) . Shame on the Chinese literati who plunge their country deeper and deeper into degradation by their accursed pride, conceit, ignorance and selfishness.
110
China has gone to London and elsewhere for a loan of 14 million dollars. Only a few Japanese raised a fund of 15 million dollars for the war. If the China Gazette is to be trusted, Li's family alone could advance tens of millions and be rich men. "The imperial family are known to have many hundred millions stored away in their treasure vaults st Peking and Moukden". (better be called Hogden) .
111
Baby is such a loveable little girl that I can't bear to scold her even for some of her childish carelessness. She was made to love and be loved. God forbid that she should not find in me a loving husband!
 
 

10. 8월 25일

113
25th. (二十五) Saturday. Suffocatingly hot from early a.m. to about 3 p.m. Then a good shower of about 75 min.
 
114
The Queen of Corea was not deposed. Form what I gather in the Japanese papers, the new government is already afflicted with factional jealousy and strife. Miserable slaves are the Corean officials. They are absolutely incapable of preferring the public welfare to their selfish aims. Patriotism is an unknown term to them. They are cowards in time of trouble; wolves in time of peace; hypocrites at all times. The only possible way of reforming the government of Corea is dictation either by a native or by a foreign power. Nothing can keep the officials in their place and duty but force. They are entirely unfit for a consultative body. They talk too much and get too little. Wipe them out! Sweep them out! Let someone, native or foreign, take the reins of government and enforce necessary measures of reformation by force, never consulting the fools! O for a Peter the Great!
115
Whatever may be the result of the war, the reputation of Japan will be secure, as a land of the brave.
 
 

11. 8월 28일

117
28th. (二十八) Tuesday.
 
118
Up at 6 a.m. Busy all day in removing furniture etc. to the A.C.C. Took up once more the same room that I had occupied last November on my return from America. While it pains me to be separated from my Darling for even a few months, it is something, under my present circumstances, to be free the burdens of house-keeping.
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